Determine Concentration and Molarity

Molarity is one of the most common and important units of concentration used in chemistry. This concentration problem illustrates how to find the molarity of a solution if you know how much solute and solvent are present. Concentration and Molarity Example Problem Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH in sufficient water to yield a 482 cm3 solution. How to Solve the Problem Molarity is an expression of the moles of solute (NaOH) per liter of solution (water). To work this problem, you need to be able to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and be able to convert cubic centimeters of a solution into liters. You can refer to the Worked Unit Conversions if you need more help. Step 1 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are in 20.0 grams. Look up the atomic masses for the elements in NaOH from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Na is 23.0H is 1.0O is 16.0 Plugging these values: 1 mol NaOH weighs 23.0 g 16.0 g 1.0 g 40.0 g So the number of moles in 20.0 g is: moles NaOH 20.0 g Ãâ€" 1 mol/40.0 g 0.500 mol Step 2 Determine the volume of solution in liters. 1 liter is 1000 cm3, so the volume of solution is: liters solution 482 cm3 Ãâ€" 1 liter/1000 cm3 0.482 liter Step 3 Determine the molarity of the solution. Simply divide the number of moles by the volume of solution to get the molarity: molarity 0.500 mol / 0.482 litermolarity 1.04 mol/liter 1.04 M Answer The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH to make a 482 cm3 solution is 1.04 M Tips for Solving Concentration Problems In this example, the solute (sodium hydroxide) and solvent (water) were identified. You may not always be told which chemical is the solute and which is the solvent. Often the solute is a solid, while the solvent is a liquid. Its also possible to make up solutions of gases and solids or of liquid solutes in liquid solvents.  In general, the solute is the chemical (or chemicals) present in smaller amounts. The solvent makes up most of the solution.  Molarity is concerned with the total volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. You can approximate molarity by dividing moles of solute by volume of solvent that is added, but this isnt correct and can lead to significant error when a large amount of solute is present.Significant figures can also come into play when reporting concentration in molarity. There will be a degree of uncertainty in the mass measurement of the solute. An analytical balance will yield a more precise measurement than weighing on a kitchen scale, fo r example. The glassware used to measure the volume of solvent also matters. A volumetric flask or graduated cylinder will yield a more precise value than a beaker, for example. Theres also an error in reading the volume, relating to the meniscus of the liquid. The number of significant digits in your molarity is only as many as that in your least precise measurement.

The Ugly Young Age Of Age Essay - 1205 Words

About a month ago I did not notice anything out of the ordinary in my everyday life on the subject of gender. Yes there have always been jokes about the women’s place being in the kitchen and men getting all sorts of privilege, but I never really thought too hard about it because it was never anything new. Once my attention was brought to this subject and I was told to delve deeper into the super weird societal gender norms, my eyes were opened to so many new and fairly disturbing occurrences. It was actually quite overwhelming. I did not know how to process everything and in a way my mind wanted to reject these happenings because it just seemed so sick and twisted, but I was accustomed to all of it and frankly, I did not want to be wrong or change my way of thinking. Fortunately, it was inevitable and I notice these bizarre gender labels and stereotypes everywhere I look from now on. Especially in my marriage. I was married at the astonishing young age of 17 which does no t help my case for gender stereotypes. I am now labeled as that naive girl who let a man take control of her life because I â€Å"thought† I was in love. Of course I do not see any truth in that, but I do see truth in several other gender stereotypes. My wifely duties are the typical do the laundry, cook dinner, and clean up the house. My husband helps out a lot, but I still have that sole responsibility to take care of the housework while he earns the majority of our money. I work 2 jobs and am aShow MoreRelatedStages Of Beauty By Andrea Borghini1228 Words   |  5 Pageshis/her life. Scott Westerfeld demonstrates how a person’s concept of beauty is continually changing in the book The Uglies. To come of age a person should go through three main stages of beauty, which includes innocent beauty, experimental beauty, and mature beauty. 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Intergrated Marketing Communicattion Project Proposal Research

Essays on The Effect of Using Celebrity Endorser Toward a Luxury Brand Research Proposal The paper "The Effect of Using Celebrity Endorser Toward a Luxury Brand" is an excellent example of a research proposal on marketing.Working title:The effect of using celebrity endorser toward a luxury brand: a multi-method approach to studying the impact of endorser on the brandDefinition and background context:Celebrity is an individual having wide public following and recognition and celebrity endorser is this individual when he supports a consumer good or a luxury or a non-luxury brand through an advertisement. A brand is an entity that is sought after equally by elite and common people.Endorsements are part of strategic initiatives used by companies to promote a brand and create a niche market equity for the brand being promoted.Background and managerial problem:Celebrity endorsements have been a popular advertising option among some of the world's best-known brands of recent years. The notable few include Michael Jordan and Nike, George Foreman and The Foreman Grills, Bob Dylan and iTunes/iPod, Madonna and Versace and Jeff Gordon and Tage Heuer.The managerial problem of celebrity endorsements is the selection of the correct celebrity to promote a specific brand, and then selection of the correct campaign to run the endorsement.Rational/ justification for the project:The most important justification for doing this project is that celebrity endorsements act as a pervasive method of communication management. While time and again celebrity endorsements as a means to sell a product come under frequent ethical scrutiny, there are many areas that need to be seen in an explorative manner to posit logical discussion in this area.In the process of exploration, this study may well provide an answer on how to handle the managerial problem. The case of Tage Heuer is given in this paper to explain the point briefly.Statement of the topic, aims, and objectives:This study aims to investigate the influence the celebrity endorsers have on a luxury brand. It further intends to ascertain how a celebrity endorser exerts direct or indirect influence over the brand and its resulting growth among the consumers. The study would also see whether the attitude the consumers have towards the celebrity gets mediated through the brand. In the end, the study would also check if the celebrity endorser exerts an influence on the purchase intention of the consumer. The study will contribute and draw on the current literature in this field and discuss theories governing the influence.Three primary objectives of the study would be as below:Study impact of celebrity endorsements on brandsStudy impact of celebrity endorsements on consumer purchasing behaviorStudy comparative effectiveness of non-celebrity endorsements vs. celebrity endorsementsResearch question:What is the impact of celebrity endorser on a luxury brand and how does it alter consumer’s buying behavior.

Iq Testing (594 words) Essay Example For Students

Iq Testing (594 words) Essay Iq TestingEdu psy 115 Individual differences There have been many studies of IQ measurement. Some believe in testing and then looking at biology or heritage of the child. These people also like to use statistics to try to put some sort of explanation on IQ levels. Then there are other groups that use cultural ecology. They study IQ by what effect the environment has on a child, and feel testing it is unfair to the child. The problem is that these two groups rarely come together to help each other. So there are big questions as to what IQ really is and how it should be measured. â€Å" At the very least, intelligence can be defined as the ability for complex thinking and reasoning.† Pg 47,Ceci, Ph.D. One thing shows in studies that intelligence can depend on the situation. A person can be a great thinker at the horse race and make a lot of money. But the same person would not begin to understand how Wall Street works. The major points of the article began with asking the reader to glance at a couple of diagrams on the page . The higher your IQ is the faster you can recognize the hidden character in the diagram. The second was IQ is affected by school attendance. The author felt that having a high IQ would influence a person’s decision to continue their education. But staying in school itself will elevate a persons IQ. Whenever a person decides not to stimulate themselves intellectually their IQ will fall. Even the few months over summer break students IQs go down. The third point was that IQ is not influenced by birth order. There was a notion for a number of years that the first-born was more intelligent, than the later siblings. This is not true, the fact is that people with higher IQs tend to have less children. This is because of the number of years spent in furthering their education; during the time they would be having children. So a family’s size does influence the IQ of the individual. The fourth point is IQ related to breast-feeding. Studies have shown that breast-feeding increases a child IQ points by 3-8 points by the age of three. It is felt that breast-feeding increases the immune system, and allows more energy to be put into the nervous system. This may make learning at an early age more likely. Studies have also shown that IQ points have risen by around 20 points a generation. If a child of today were given an IQ test from fifty years ago they would score at a genius level. While the IQ test of today would make the child of fifty years ago look â€Å" borderline mentally retarded.† Pg 50, Ceci Ph.D. This is not a genetic effect as much as an environmental effect. A child born today has better nutrition, more schooling, and a better education system. That includes state of the art computers, and the ability to find information in seconds. Doctor Stephan Ceci, Ph. D. is a very intelligent man and has many good points in this article. I really enjoyed reading about his take on the measurement of IQ. What I really liked was the way he considered many different sources, and never disregarded a theory because he disagreed. What I take away from this article is that everyone has the potential for greatness. It is only up to the individual how far they want to achieve. Psychology Essays